History Timeline of South Africa
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1877- The British and the Boars defeat the Zulus in the Zulu War
1880-81- Boers rebel against the British, sparking the first Anglo-Boer War. Conflict ends with a negotiated peace. Transvaal is restored as a republic. The Boer War/The Boers rebel against the British
The Boers, who were also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original Dutch Settlers of Southern Africa. During this time of 1881 the Boers inflicted a humiliating defeat on the British garrisons in the Transvaal and on a force from Natal commanded by general Colley. Britain had desire to escalate the war and an agreement was made which gave the Boers independence but under British monarchy. In other words, the Boers had self-government but external affairs were subject to ratification by the British crown. With this done, Queen Victoria in 1882 ratified the Treaty between the SAR and Portugal which made possible the construction of the Eastern Railway line thus linked Pretoria with Lourenco Marques on the Portuguese East African coast.
The Boer government of the Transvaal steadfastly denied citizenship rights to the new residents even though they provided most of the revenue of the formerly bankrupt Republic. Conditions for citizenship were progressively tightened to put it beyond the reach of non-Boers until full political rights and privileges were reserved for those domiciled in the Republic in 1894.
1902- Treaty of Vereeniging ends the second Anglo-Boer War.
The Transvaal and Orange Free State are made self-governing colonies of the British Empire. From the Basin, de Wet headed west. He succeeded in crossing the Vaal into the Western Transvaal, to allow Steyn to travel to meet up with Transvaal leaders. Returning to the Orange Free State, he inspired a series of attacks and raids from the hitherto quiet western part of the country.
1913- Land Act: Prevented Blacks from purchasing land
In 1913 this Native Land Act was passed to allocate only about 7% of arable land to Africans and leave the more fertile land for whites. This law created reserves for Blacks and prohibited the sale of territory in white areas to Blacks and other way around. The Act stipulated that black people could live outside the reserves only if they could prove that they were in employment. Although the law was applicable to all of South Africa, in practice it applied to the Transvaal and Natal. In the Free State, such legislation was already in force since 1876, while a law forbidding blacks to own property in the Cape would have been in conflict with the constitution of the Union of South Africa. Sharecropping on farms in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State were forbidden. This act was said to be passed to limit the friction between white and black, but blacks maintained that its aim was to meet demands from white farmers for more agricultural land and force blacks to work as laborers. (SAHistory)
1948- Policy of apartheid adopted the National Party
Apartheid is the name of the racial institution that was established in 1948 by the National Party that governed South African up until 1994. Even though the policy began officially in 1948, the practice of racial discrimination has deep roots in South African Society. As early as 1788, Dutch colonizers began establishing laws and regulations that separated white settlers and native Africans. By 1910, the year that all of the formerly separate Boer Republics united with the British colony to become the Union of South Africa, there were nearly 300 reserves for natives throughout the country. By 1948, the party promised that if elected it would make permanent reserves under the joint fundamental principles of separation of trusteeship. Shortly after that, the new government instituted a number of policies in the name of apartheid, which was out to ensure the survival of the white race and keep the different races separate on every level of society and in every level of life. Apartheid properly ended in 1994 with the first election, which allowed the participation of all adult voters. With that election, Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.
1964- Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment.
On June 12, 1964, a judge sentenced Nelson Mandela, a leader of the movement to end South African Apartheid, to life in prison. At this time, Mandela was one of eight men accused of conspiracy and sabotage in what was called the ‘Rivonia Trial’ named after a suburb of Johannesburg where African National Congress leaders had hidden out in a farmhouse.
1990- Nelson Mandela at last released from prison.
February 11, 1990 after spending 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela is released. Mandela spends the first 18 of his 27 years in a hail at the Robben Island Prison. In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became South African president and set about dismantling apartheid. With this he lifted the ban on the ANC, suspended executions, and in February 1990 ordered the release of Nelson Mandela. Mandela led the ANC in its negotiations with the minority government for an end to apartheid and the establishment of multiracial government. In 1993, Mandela and de Klerk were awarded together the Nobel Peace Prize. One year later, the ANC won a electoral majority in the country’s first free elections, and Mandela was elected South African’s president.
1880-81- Boers rebel against the British, sparking the first Anglo-Boer War. Conflict ends with a negotiated peace. Transvaal is restored as a republic. The Boer War/The Boers rebel against the British
The Boers, who were also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original Dutch Settlers of Southern Africa. During this time of 1881 the Boers inflicted a humiliating defeat on the British garrisons in the Transvaal and on a force from Natal commanded by general Colley. Britain had desire to escalate the war and an agreement was made which gave the Boers independence but under British monarchy. In other words, the Boers had self-government but external affairs were subject to ratification by the British crown. With this done, Queen Victoria in 1882 ratified the Treaty between the SAR and Portugal which made possible the construction of the Eastern Railway line thus linked Pretoria with Lourenco Marques on the Portuguese East African coast.
The Boer government of the Transvaal steadfastly denied citizenship rights to the new residents even though they provided most of the revenue of the formerly bankrupt Republic. Conditions for citizenship were progressively tightened to put it beyond the reach of non-Boers until full political rights and privileges were reserved for those domiciled in the Republic in 1894.
1902- Treaty of Vereeniging ends the second Anglo-Boer War.
The Transvaal and Orange Free State are made self-governing colonies of the British Empire. From the Basin, de Wet headed west. He succeeded in crossing the Vaal into the Western Transvaal, to allow Steyn to travel to meet up with Transvaal leaders. Returning to the Orange Free State, he inspired a series of attacks and raids from the hitherto quiet western part of the country.
1913- Land Act: Prevented Blacks from purchasing land
In 1913 this Native Land Act was passed to allocate only about 7% of arable land to Africans and leave the more fertile land for whites. This law created reserves for Blacks and prohibited the sale of territory in white areas to Blacks and other way around. The Act stipulated that black people could live outside the reserves only if they could prove that they were in employment. Although the law was applicable to all of South Africa, in practice it applied to the Transvaal and Natal. In the Free State, such legislation was already in force since 1876, while a law forbidding blacks to own property in the Cape would have been in conflict with the constitution of the Union of South Africa. Sharecropping on farms in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State were forbidden. This act was said to be passed to limit the friction between white and black, but blacks maintained that its aim was to meet demands from white farmers for more agricultural land and force blacks to work as laborers. (SAHistory)
1948- Policy of apartheid adopted the National Party
Apartheid is the name of the racial institution that was established in 1948 by the National Party that governed South African up until 1994. Even though the policy began officially in 1948, the practice of racial discrimination has deep roots in South African Society. As early as 1788, Dutch colonizers began establishing laws and regulations that separated white settlers and native Africans. By 1910, the year that all of the formerly separate Boer Republics united with the British colony to become the Union of South Africa, there were nearly 300 reserves for natives throughout the country. By 1948, the party promised that if elected it would make permanent reserves under the joint fundamental principles of separation of trusteeship. Shortly after that, the new government instituted a number of policies in the name of apartheid, which was out to ensure the survival of the white race and keep the different races separate on every level of society and in every level of life. Apartheid properly ended in 1994 with the first election, which allowed the participation of all adult voters. With that election, Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.
1964- Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment.
On June 12, 1964, a judge sentenced Nelson Mandela, a leader of the movement to end South African Apartheid, to life in prison. At this time, Mandela was one of eight men accused of conspiracy and sabotage in what was called the ‘Rivonia Trial’ named after a suburb of Johannesburg where African National Congress leaders had hidden out in a farmhouse.
1990- Nelson Mandela at last released from prison.
February 11, 1990 after spending 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela is released. Mandela spends the first 18 of his 27 years in a hail at the Robben Island Prison. In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became South African president and set about dismantling apartheid. With this he lifted the ban on the ANC, suspended executions, and in February 1990 ordered the release of Nelson Mandela. Mandela led the ANC in its negotiations with the minority government for an end to apartheid and the establishment of multiracial government. In 1993, Mandela and de Klerk were awarded together the Nobel Peace Prize. One year later, the ANC won a electoral majority in the country’s first free elections, and Mandela was elected South African’s president.
Sources:
"Boer War begins in South Africa." History.com. From 2000 and ongoing. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/boer-war-begins-in-south-africa
"The Boer War" Bwm.Org. From 2004, ongoing. http://www.bwm.org.au/site/About_the_War.asp
"The Native Land Act is Passed" SAHistory.com From 1991, ongoing. http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/native-land-act-passed
"Apartheid" BlackPast.org. From 2007-2011. http://www.blackpast.org/gah/apartheid-1948-1994
"Nelson Mandela Sentenced to Life Imprisonment" NBCNews.com From 2013 and ongoing. http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/12/18919120-june-12-1964-nelson-mandela-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment?lite
"Nelson Mandela Released From Prison" History.com. From 1990 and ongoing. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nelson-mandela-released-from-prison
"Boer War begins in South Africa." History.com. From 2000 and ongoing. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/boer-war-begins-in-south-africa
"The Boer War" Bwm.Org. From 2004, ongoing. http://www.bwm.org.au/site/About_the_War.asp
"The Native Land Act is Passed" SAHistory.com From 1991, ongoing. http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/native-land-act-passed
"Apartheid" BlackPast.org. From 2007-2011. http://www.blackpast.org/gah/apartheid-1948-1994
"Nelson Mandela Sentenced to Life Imprisonment" NBCNews.com From 2013 and ongoing. http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/12/18919120-june-12-1964-nelson-mandela-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment?lite
"Nelson Mandela Released From Prison" History.com. From 1990 and ongoing. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nelson-mandela-released-from-prison